medical advances and music

medical advances


1990
Results from the first chemo prevention trial to show efficacy (vitamin A analogue against mouth and throat tumors) are reported


1991
The first human gene therapy for cancer (melanoma) is attempted

Post-operative (adjuvant) radiation therapy and chemotherapy are found to improve survival in rectal cancer.

Two white blood cell colony-stimulating factors (G-CSF and GM-CSF) are approved to fight the neutropenia caused by cancer treatment.

1992


The Mammography Quality Standards Act is passed.

Paclitaxel (Taxol) is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Found in the bark of the Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia, this drug acts to stabilize fiber-like structures called microtubules that play a key role in the cell division cycle.

herpatitis A vaccine

a normally minor form of hepatitis caused by an RNA virus that does not persist in the
blood: usually transmitted by ingestion of contaminated food or water. Also called
infectious hepatitis. Hepatitis A is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis A virus.
Hepatitis A can affect anyone. In the United States, hepatitis A can occur in situations
ranging from isolated cases of disease to widespread epidemics.

Good personal hygiene and proper sanitation can help prevent hepatitis A. Vaccines
are also available for long-term prevention of hepatitis A virus infection in persons 12
months of age and older. Immune globulin is available for short-term prevention of
hepatitis A virus infection in individuals of all ages.

1993


1993 The first gene associated with hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC) is cloned (hMSH2). People with HNPCC are at increased risk of developing colon cancer.

The prevalence of U.S. adult smoking is 25 percent.

NCI-sponsored studies in China show the importance of nutrition in preventing cancer.

Annual guaiac fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) is shown to reduce colorectal cancer deaths by one-third.

The largest early detection study ever conducted, the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial, begins recruiting 148,000 volunteers.

1994

BRCA1 is the first breast cancer-associated gene cloned.

The Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene (ATBC) Cancer Prevention Study finds no benefit from the use of beta-carotene supplements in smokers and a possible increased risk of lung cancer.

Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), a causative agent for Kaposi's sarcoma, is identified. HHV-8, also known as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, is later linked to primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric Castleman disease.

1995


The BRCA2 gene is cloned. The FDA approves tretinoin, a differentiating agent related to vitamin A, for use in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Tretinoin is also known as all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA).

Porfimer sodium, a light-sensitive drug that can be absorbed by tumors, is approved by the FDA, permitting photodynamic therapy of some types of cancer.

Information in NCI's Physician Data Query (PDQ) database becomes available on the World Wide Web via the NCI Web site CancerNet.

1996

Topotecan (Hycamptin), the first of a class of drugs that interferes with the enzyme topoisomerase I, is approved by the FDA for the treatment of metastatic ovarian cancer. Topoisomerases uncoil DNA during DNA replication, and altering the work of this enzyme leads to tumor cell death. Topotecan is derived from the bark of a Chinese tree known as Camptotheca acuminata.

The FDA approves another topoisomerase 1 inhibitor - irinotecan (Camptosar) - for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer.

Two major studies of beta carotene supplements (The Physicians' Health Study and the Beta-Carotene Retinol Efficacy Trial) show no cancer prevention benefit.

Carbon Copies—Cloning
The cloning craze began in 1996, when scientists in Scotland astonished the world by
announcing that they had successfully cloned an adult sheep. They called her Dolly.
A clone is a copy of another living thing. Instead of having two sets of genes, from a
mother and father, a clone has genes from just one parent. Genes are the instructions
inside cells that determine the traits of a living thing. All non-cloned, naturally created
mammals, including humans, have genes from two parents.

Scientists hope that animal cloning will someday save lives. Cloned pigs could provide
organs to transplant into humans. Cow clones could be used to make life-saving
medicines. In addition, cloning may help to preserve some of the world's fastest-
disappearing species.
Here are some other animals that have been created in a laboratory.

1997

The Cancer Genome Anatomy Project (CGAP), a multi-year project to assemble the first index of genes involved in cancer, is launched.

The first biotechnology product approved by the FDA to treat patients with cancer - a monoclonal antibody called rituximab (Rituxan) - is used to treat a type of lymphoma.

NCI and Chinese scientists find that occupational exposure to benzene is associated with increased risks of developing acute non-lymphocytic leukemia and related myelodysplastic syndromes and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

The National Cancer Advisory Board recommends that NCI should advise all women age 40 years and older to receive screening mammograms every one to two years.

In 1997, not long after Dolly was born, scientists in Oregon announced that they had
cloned a pair of rhesus monkeys, named Neti and Ditto. The monkeys were
created from DNA taken from cells of developing monkey embryos.


1998

Results from the Breast Cancer Prevention Trial show that the incidence of breast cancer among women who are at increased risk of the disease can be reduced by 50 percent with the drug tamoxifen. The FDA subsequently approves tamoxifen for the prevention of breast cancer.

Trastuzumab (Herceptin), a monoclonal antibody that targets cancer cells that overproduce the protein HER2, is approved by the FDA for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. HER2 is overproduced in the tumors of approximately 25 percent to 30 percent of women with advanced disease.

The prevalence of U.S. adult smoking is 24.1 percent.

First vaccine for lyme disease. 1998

Lyme disease or Lyme borreliosis,a nonfatal bacterial infection that causes symptoms ranging from fever and
headache to a painful swelling of the joints. The first American case of Lyme's characteristic rash was documented in
1970 and the disease was first identified in a cluster at the submarine base in Groton, Conn., by Navy doctors who
reported their findings in 1976. It became more widely known and received its common name when it struck a group of
families in nearby Lyme, Conn. In the United States the disease occurs mainly in the northeast among people who
frequent grassy or wooded areas; the disease is also prevalent in N and central Europe and temperate Asia. It is
caused by the spirochetes of the genus Borrelia and is transmitted by the deer tick, genus Ixodes, which lives on deer,
mice, dogs, and other animals.

The bite of the tiny red and black tick injects the bacteria into the blood. A red rash develops, often circular with a
bull's-eye appearance, followed by flulike symptoms (fever, headache, and painful joints). Most people are
successfully treated with antibiotics. A small number develop chronic disease with neurological problems, memory
loss, arthritis, and eye inflammation. Lyme disease is sometimes accompanied by babesiosis or human granulocytic
ehrlichiosis, which also infect the deer tick.

1999

The Hybrid Capture II human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA test is approved by the FDA as a test that can be used in conjunction with the Pap smear in screening for cervical cancer.


Music

music was made for all types of things for instance helping medical funds because people were donating the money they made off of 1 song to medical funds, i will speak on this later on in my final draft.